Not too many decades ago, being a child in the western world meant having a license to roam: you spent a large chunk of your free time outside, exploring your surroundings, chasing adventure. This is the Huckleberry Finn mould of carefree childhood – even if you weren’t floating down the Mississippi on a raft, you could easily imagine that you were.
That mould has definitely been broken. A British study called One False Move, investigating the mobility of children, found that the average eight-year-old saw its ‘home habitat’ shrink to one-ninth of its size within a single generation. In 1970, 80% of British children 7 or 8 years of age were allowed to go to school unsupervised; by 1990, this figure had dropped below 10%.
The result of this gradual shrinkage of children’s habitat, is the effective end of the outdoor childhood. This evolution, by and large an unreported phenomenon, is put in stark perspective by this list of figures. Zooming in on parts of Sheffield, in the north of England, we can list the differences in size of the stomping grounds of four generations of the Thomas family – each snapped at eight years of age:
- In 1919, George, the great-grandfather of the family, was allowed to walk six miles by himself to go fishing at Rother Valley.
- In 1950, Jack, the grandfather, was allowed to walk one mile by himself to go play in the woods nearby. Like his father, he walked to school.
- In 1979, Vicky, the mother, could walk by herself to the swimming pool, half a mile away.
- In 2007, Ed, the son, was only able to walk to the end of the street on his own – a mere 300 yards. He was driven to school, and even to a place where he could ride his bike safely.
The worrying fact of the matter is that the reduced exposure to the outdoors could harm the mental well-being of children.
Ironically, parental fears for their offspring’s well-being have been an important factor in reducing their children’s unsupervised access to the great outdoors: fears of traffic, of predators, of being seen to have their children roam unsupervised.
But the growing list of fears, whether old or new, real or imagined, wasn’t the only factor driving the trend. George Thomas’s 1919 childhood home was overcrowded and held little attractions, while in 2007 his great-grandson had a room of his own, stocked with games and toys, with access to the entertainment provided by television and the internet. On top of that, the fragmentation of communities, and the concomitant increase in car-dependency are perhaps also to blame.
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